Whether it is the special situation of this year's epidemic or normal life, hand hygiene has been repeatedly emphasized. In foreign countries, many people would rather wash their hands more than wear a mask. Although this is a wrong concept, it can also be seen The importance of hand hygiene has conveyed to everyone that hand disinfection is one of the most important and easiest measures to eliminate germs and bacteria. Especially during this epidemic, simple hand washing cannot completely remove pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, it is necessary to use a suitable hand sanitizer for thorough disinfection, and carbomer is an important component of hand sanitizer gel. The ingredients in conventional hand sanitizer gels include: ethanol, n-propanol, dichlorophenoxychlorophene, deionized water, thickeners, neutralizers, etc. Among them, the important thickener raw material is carbomer. The hand sanitizer gel is generally a weak acid formula, which is close to the pH value of the skin, which can effectively protect the skin of the hands; it is made of carbomer into a gel, which is easy to use and feels good after use. Refreshing and not sticky. In addition, the antibacterial effect of the disposable disinfectant gel hand sanitizer lasts for a long time, and the effect can even last for 4-5 hours to moisturize and care for the skin of the hands. For young people who are inconvenient to wash their hands with running water at all times, it is not good news Too much. The biggest feature of carbomer is that because of its special molecular structure, it can absorb water 400 to 500 times its own weight. As the polymer swells, the viscosity of the system increases, which can turn the liquid into a gel, and then achieve Thickening, suspending and stabilizing effects, these special properties also make it difficult to have substitutes for carbomer. The outbreak of the epidemic has brought the no-clean disinfectant gel hand sanitizer into thousands of families. Its formula is mild and does not irritate the skin. It can effectively and completely remove oil stains while quickly replenishing the moisture lost by the skin due to dryness. , prevent chapped hands, make hands smooth and clean, and directly liberate most hands that do not want to touch running water. Such a convenient disinfection method is very popular among people.

In early January 2021, the National Health and Medical Commission listed sodium hyaluronate (also known as hyaluronic acid, HA) as a new food raw material for the first time. The scope of use is milk and dairy products, beverages, alcohol, cocoa products, chocolate and chocolate products (including cocoa butter substitute chocolate and products), as well as candy, frozen drinks, excluding baby food. Hyaluronic acid has been recognized as a food raw material in many countries or regions. China's oral beauty and health care industry has entered a stage of rapid development Hyaluronic acid, scientific name hyaluronic acid (Hyaluronic Acid), abbreviated as HA, is a kind of macromolecular mucopolysaccharide naturally present in the human body, widely present in joint cavity, skin, vitreous body, cartilage, umbilical cord and other tissues. 1g of hyaluronic acid can bind 1000 times its own weight in water. HA has various physiological functions, including water retention, lubricity, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, wound repair, viscoelasticity, etc. Its unique properties and functions make it widely used in many fields such as food, cosmetics, ophthalmology and orthopedics. About 50% of the hyaluronic acid in the human body exists in the skin, which creates a filling water and environment in the dermis, promotes the synthesis of collagen and elastin, and makes the skin full of elasticity. The content of hyaluronic acid in the skin directly affects the water content of the skin and degree of aging. The content of hyaluronic acid in the human body gradually decreases with age, and at the age of 30, 50, and 60, it will drop to 65%, 45%, and 25% of the 20-year-old, respectively. Decreased hyaluronic acid can lead to arthritis, skin aging, increased wrinkles, dizziness, and many other problems. Compared with external application and medical beauty injection, oral hyaluronic acid is milder in principle and mechanism of action, stable and sustainable, and is a safer and more cost-effective supplement. As an acidic mucopolysaccharide, hyaluronic acid has an irreplaceable role in living organisms, and is an indispensable and important substance for the human body. It is mainly produced by microbial fermentation method, which has high yield and low cost, and the yield is not limited by raw materials. Human oral hyaluronic acid has the effect of beautifying the skin and delaying aging. The content of hyaluronic acid in the human body decreases with age, so it is very necessary to supplement exogenous hyaluronic acid after the age of 25. Generally, meat such as animal skin and chicken comb can provide some hyaluronic acid, but the amount of hyaluronic acid is limited. Rarely, the human body can also synthesize part of hyaluronic acid, but the mechanism is unclear. It is said that zinc can stimulate the synthesis of hyaluronic acid in the body, but there is no data. Human oral hyaluronic acid can increase the precursor of hyaluronic acid synthesis in the body, and mouse administration experiments have shown that oral hyaluronic acid can indeed increase the content of hyaluronic acid in the body. The main physiological function of hyaluronic acid: it is the main component of the intercellular and extracellular matrix, and maintains the normal structure and function of cells. 1 Water retention There are a large number of negatively charged carboxyl groups and polar groups on the surface of HA molecules, which are firmly locked after combining with water molecules through hydrogen bonds. 2 Lubrication HA is the main component of the synovial fluid in the joint cavity of the organism, and its good viscoelasticity and lubricity can reduce the pressure and wear of the joints when the body moves. Experiments show that HA cooperates with peptide and glycopeptide complexes in synovial fluid to exert lubricating effects. 3 Healing wounds The proven wound healing effects of HA are as follows: (1) the clot composed of fibrin plays a structural function in the wound healing process; (2) promotes the phagocytic activity of granulocytes and regulates the inflammatory response; (3) local degradation produces The low Mr HA can promote angiogenesis. 4 Multiple effects on cells It is known that HA can protect cells, affect cell movement, proliferation and differentiation, and affect cell phagocytosis.

Sialic acid, also known as sialic acid, is a group of neuraminic acid derivatives. It is a ubiquitous substance in the biological world and widely exists in vertebrates, mammals and various plant tissues. Next, let the small Let's take a detailed look at the role of bird's nest acid. The role of sialic acid? 1. Intellectual development "brain gold" Sialic acid can promote the development of memory and intelligence. Bird's nest acid improves the reaction speed of brain nerve cell synapses through the interaction with brain cell membranes and synapses, and promotes the development of memory and intelligence. A group of scientists from New Zealand conducted a set of experiments to confirm the role of bird's nest acid in children's intellectual development important role. Later, experiments concluded that supplementation of ornithine in infants can increase the concentration of ornithine in the brain, thereby improving the learning ability of the brain. 2. Improve the intestinal absorption capacity According to the simple physical phenomenon of opposite sex attraction, the positively charged minerals and some vitamins that enter the intestinal tract are easily combined with the extremely negatively charged sialic acid, and the intestinal tract The ability to absorb vitamins and minerals is enhanced. 3. Promote the key role of sialic acid on intestinal cell membrane proteins in improving cell recognition ability, cholera toxin, preventing pathological E. coli infection, and regulating blood protein half-life. 4. Improving bird's nest acid can improve the human body, especially children. 5. Sialic acid has a protective and stabilizing effect on cells. A deficiency of sialic acid leads to a decrease in blood cell longevity and glycoproteins in the metabolism. Do you think ornithic acid is actually a pretty amazing substance? Bird`s nest acid is particularly good for children`s intellectual development. Studies have found that in many high-intelligence nerve membranes, the detection of bird`s nest acid is several times higher than that of ordinary people. It can be seen from this that if the baby can absorb enough bird`s nest before the age of 3 The bird's nest acid, the baby's brain development, intellectual growth is very good. Sialic acid, also known as sialic acid, is a group of neuraminic acid derivatives. It is a ubiquitous substance in the biological world and widely exists in vertebrates, mammals and various plant tissues. Next, let the small Let's take a detailed look at the role of bird's nest acid. The role of bird's nest acid in milk powder? 1. Sialic acid can resist the identification in milk powder and improve the intestinal absorption of vitamins and minerals. The sialic acid at the end of the sugar chain can be used as a recognition point between molecules and cells, cells and cells, cells and the outside world, and can also cover up recognition points .The strong negative charge of bird's nest acid makes red blood cells and other cells repel each other and avoids meaningless cell interactions in blood circulation. According to the principle of attraction of opposites, positively charged minerals enter the intestinal tract (such as Ca2 ) and some vitamins ( Such as B12, etc.) are easily combined with N-acetylneuraminic acid with a strong negative charge. Therefore, bird's nest acid can improve the intestinal absorption of minerals and vitamins, and supplementing bird's nest acid can improve the body's absorption of nutrients Level. 2. Babies' immune systems are immature and they are more likely to get sick than adults. If bird's nest acid is added to milk powder, it can promote the maturation of the baby's intestinal tract and promote the development of the baby's immune system; if active probiotics are naturally added to milk powder, they are more active, which can improve the intestinal tract and allow the baby to absorb various nutrients more comfortably ,grow healthy. 3. The role of bird's nest acid in milk powder is mainly helpful for brain development, enhancement and anti-virus. Bird's nest acid is also called sialic acid, which is a 9-carbon monosaccharide derivative and is also a part of the brain, which can help children's brain and retina Development. Bird's nest acid is an essential nutrient for the human body. After ingestion, it can effectively strengthen the body's immune system, resist free radicals, and delay skin aging. And bird's nest acid also has certain antiviral effects, which can prevent colds.

The difference between hyaluronic acid and sodium hyaluronate is that the substance is different, hyaluronic acid is an acid, and sodium hyaluronate is a salt. Moreover, their functions and application additions are also different, and the structure inside is also different. Difference Between Hyaluronic Acid and Sodium Hyaluronate: 1. Chemical structure Hyaluronic acid, also known as hyaluronic acid, is an acidic mucopolysaccharide. Hyaluronic acid = hyaluronic acid = hyaluronic acid, and sodium hyaluronate is a salt. Sodium-containing is more stable, sodium hyaluronate = sodium hyaluronate. 2. Add application Sodium hyaluronate is the sodium salt form of hyaluronic acid, and hyaluronic acid generally exists in the form of sodium salt in applications. Therefore, sodium hyaluronate is basically added in cosmetics on the market. 3. Function Hyaluronic acid shows a variety of important physiological functions in the body with its unique molecular structure and physicochemical properties, such as lubricating joints, regulating the permeability of blood vessel walls, regulating proteins, water and electrolyte diffusion and operation, and promoting wound healing, etc. Sodium hyaluronate is an enzyme that can hydrolyze hyaluronate. It can temporarily reduce the viscosity of the intercellular substance in the human body, and can promote the leakage of subcutaneous infusion and local accumulation. The fluid or blood accelerates the diffusion and facilitates absorption, and is an important drug diffusing agent.

Bird's nest acid, also known as sialic acid, is a derivative of a group of neuraminic acids. It is a ubiquitous substance in the biological world and widely exists in vertebrates, mammals and various plant tissues. Next, let the small Let us take you to understand the effect of bird's nest acid in detail. What is bird's nest acid? The source and form of bird's nest acid The scientific name of bird's nest acid, also known as sialic acid, is the main biologically active ingredient in bird's nest, a traditional Chinese rare food, and is also an important component in breast milk for the development of the infant's early brain and the improvement of the immune system. one part. A large number of scientific studies have found that the content of bird's nest acid in colostrum and its biological function is 20 times that of other cells. The role of bird's nest acid? 1. "Brain Gold" for intellectual development Bird's nest acid can promote the development of memory and intelligence. Through the interaction with brain cell membranes and synapses, bird's nest acid improves the response speed of brain nerve cell synapses, thereby promoting the development of memory and intelligence. A group of scientists in New Zealand once did A group of experiments confirmed the important role of bird's nest acid in the development of children's intelligence. After the experiment, it was concluded that supplementing bird's nest acid in infants and young children can increase the concentration of bird's nest acid in the brain, thereby improving the learning ability of the brain. 2. Improve intestinal absorption capacity According to the simple physical phenomenon of attraction of opposite sexes, positively charged minerals and some vitamins entering the intestinal tract are easily combined with strongly negatively charged bird's nest acid, then the intestinal The ability to absorb vitamins and minerals is enhanced. 3. The promotion of bird's nest acid on intestinal cell membrane proteins plays a key role in improving cell recognition ability, cholera toxin, preventing pathogenic E. coli infection, and regulating the half-life of blood proteins. 4. Increasing bird's nest acid can improve the human body, especially children. 5. Bird's nest acid has a protective and stabilizing effect on cells. The lack of sialic acid can lead to the reduction of blood cell lifespan and glycoprotein in metabolism. Seeing this, do you think bird's nest acid is actually a very magical substance? Bird's nest acid is good for children The mental development is particularly good. Studies have found that in the nerve membranes of many people with high IQs, bird's nest acid is detected at times higher than the average number. It can be seen from this that if the baby can absorb a sufficient amount of bird's nest before the age of 3. Bird's nest acid is very good for the baby's brain development and intellectual growth.

Bird's nest acid (also called sialic acid, SA for short), chemically called "N-acetylneuraminic acid", is the main biologically active ingredient in traditional Chinese food bird's nest. The editor discovered a very important formula ingredient of milk powder - -Bird's Nest Acid. How important is this ingredient? I'll reveal it to you right away! How important is bird's nest acid in milk powder? 1. "Brain Gold" for intellectual development Bird's nest acid can improve the response speed of brain nerve cell synapses by interacting with brain cell membranes and synapses, thereby promoting the development of memory and intelligence. 2. Improve human physiological function Studies have shown that bird's nest acid participates in various physiological functions on the surface of cells, and plays a very important role in regulating the physiological and biochemical functions of the human body. It can correct children's partial eclipse and improve the human body, especially children. 3. Improve intestinal absorption capacity According to the simple physical phenomenon of attraction of opposite sexes, positively charged minerals and some vitamins entering the intestinal tract are easily combined with strongly negatively charged bird's nest acid, so the intestinal absorption of vitamins and minerals The ability is enhanced from it. 4. Promotes intestinal tract Bird's nest acid on cell membrane proteins plays a key role in improving cell recognition ability, cholera toxin, preventing pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, and regulating the half-life of blood proteins. 5. Protect and stabilize cells Deficiency of bird's nest acid can lead to decreased blood cell lifespan and glycoproteins in metabolism. The benefits of eating bird's nest acid? 1. Because the baby is not breastfed at birth, it requires 20% less bird's nest acid than breastfeeding. Therefore, the longer the breastfeeding time, the higher the child's intellectual development level. Therefore, the scientists concluded that, Supplementation in animals: Bird's nest acid can improve the learning ability of the brain. 2. "Bird's nest has the functions of supplementing life energy, nourishing the stomach and strengthening the spleen. It is rich in active and high-quality nutrients. It can provide the nutrients needed for the physiological and biochemical functions of the human body for adolescents who have been in adolescence for a long time. Create a good body. For further study pressure partial eclipse. 3. Children who are picky eaters can eat bird's nest to enhance their physique and improve the digestion and absorption of the gastrointestinal tract. Continuous consumption will help children exercise their brains and enhance their body resistance. 4. Teenagers who eat bird's nest for a long time can not only improve their intelligence, but also enhance their resistance and make their bodies stronger. Bird's nest has a great impact on the development of children's bodies.

Amino acids are the products of protein breakdown in the body. There are 20 kinds of amino acids in the human body, of which 8 are essential amino acids that need to be obtained from food. The branched-chain amino acids are three of the eight essential amino acids, namely leucine, isoleucine and valine. They are so named because of the branching structure on the side chain. Branched-chain amino acids also have a "tall" name, BCAA, which is actually the English abbreviation of branched-chain amino acids~ Most amino acids are catabolized in the liver, while branched-chain amino acids are metabolized in skeletal muscle tissue, and are amino acids that are oxidized for energy in muscle tissue. The key enzyme activity of branched-chain amino acid metabolism in muscle is strong, which makes branched-chain amino acid metabolism in muscle extremely fast. The branched-chain amino acid metabolism small molecules produced by metabolism not only act on skeletal muscle itself, but also participate in the homeostasis regulation of adipose tissue, cardiac muscle, liver and other tissues. Compared with other amino acids, these three branched-chain amino acids can be transaminated and completely oxidized at a relatively fast rate, and the efficiency of their oxidation to generate ATP is also higher than that of other amino acids, per molecule of leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Complete oxidation, yielding 42, 43, and 32 molecules of ATP, respectively. During exercise, branched-chain amino acids are oxidized for energy and become an important source of energy for muscles. The decomposition of branched-chain amino acids in muscles is extremely active, and the process of transamination and oxidation can be completed quickly, and the efficiency of oxidation to generate ATP is much higher than that of other amino acids. At rest, 14% of the total energy consumption of human skeletal muscle is provided by the oxidation process of branched-chain amino acids. When the body is in a state of exercise, the secretion of hormones that promote catabolism in the body increases, the enzymatic activity of oxidatively decomposing branched-chain amino acids, and the energy of skeletal muscle. The utilization efficiency is improved, so that the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids is further strengthened, and it becomes an important energy source for the body during exercise. The increase of plasma free branched-chain amino acids can improve the absorption and utilization efficiency of the muscles. Timely supplementation of branched-chain amino acids before exercise or during long-term exercise can provide energy supply to the body in time. And the energy supply through branched-chain amino acids can not only avoid the absorption of the liver and be rapidly utilized by the skeletal muscle, but also in the branched-chain amino acids, except for leucine, which is a ketogenic amino acid, the other two amino acids can be used in the process of gluconeogenesis in the liver. Glucose is produced or stored in the form of glycogen, thereby reducing the consumption of glucose and glycogen. From the perspective of energy supply, supplementation of branched-chain amino acids can enhance exercise capacity and prolong exercise time. A sports nutritionist from a provincial sports team also said that in the training of athletes, a certain amount of branched-chain amino acid supplements are usually given before training. If you want to gain muscle, it is generally described as reducing protein decomposition, increasing protein synthesis, and realizing that protein synthesis is greater than decomposition. The three amino acids in branched-chain amino acids have different roles in protein metabolism. Among them, leucine has a greater effect on promoting the synthesis of skeletal muscle protein. First, leucine acts as a substrate for glutamine. Glutamine can not only transport nitrogen, but also be used to synthesize protein, thereby promoting muscle growth. At the same time, leucine can promote protein synthesis through hormone-dependent and hormone-independent pathways. Hormone dependence mainly means that supplementation of branched-chain amino acids can stimulate protein synthesis by promoting the secretion of insulin and IGF-1. Hormone-independent mainly means that leucine promotes protein synthesis by promoting polypeptide chain synthesis, which can increase the level of leucine tRNA, which is a key substance for protein synthesis. In addition, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyric acid (HMβ), a metabolite of leucine, is a regulatory signal for protein synthesis, which can reduce the degree of muscle damage and reduce protein decomposition, and promote a positive nitrogen balance in the body. When we do high-intensity, fast-paced anaerobic exercise in the gym, the duration is short and we get tired quickly. Numerous studies have found that exercise-induced central fatigue is closely related to the metabolism of certain amino acids, especially the metabolism of aromatic amino acids. Both branched-chain amino acids and aromatic group amino acids are transported across the blood-brain barrier by the same carrier, and aromatic group amino acids and branched-chain amino acids compete for binding to the carrier. For example, tryptophan, as an aromatic amino acid, its metabolite serotonin is an important cause of central fatigue. When the intake of branched-chain amino acids increases, it can competitively inhibit the decomposition of tryptophan, thereby achieving the purpose of delaying fatigue. Anaerobic metabolism will produce a large amount of lactic acid, and the accumulation of lactic acid will cause local muscle soreness, affect the muscle contraction ability, and then affect the body's exercise ability. Supplementation of branched-chain amino acids can accelerate the recovery of blood sugar after exercise, prevent the sharp drop in blood sugar level after exercise and inhibit the production of lactic acid, reduce the accumulation of lactic acid in skeletal muscle, and delay the generation of fatigue.

Many people know that vitamins are indispensable to the health of the skin and human body, but they do not understand the cosmetic ingredient list when purchasing and using cosmetics. Many merchants fool their friends through the asymmetry of information, and the people who do it are even more confused. . Some time ago, Huang Gong was always asking about nicotinamide. In fact, nicotinamide is also a vitamin. It is what we call vitamin B3. Just taking this opportunity, Huang Gong added the types and effects of vitamins commonly used in cosmetics. And what is the name of the general cosmetics added to give you a little explanation, so that everyone is not confused. Vitamins are divided into A, B, C, D, etc. Let's start with vitamin A. Vitamin A has a variety of physiological functions such as promoting growth and reproduction, maintaining normal secretion of bones, epithelial tissue, vision and mucosal epithelium. Vitamin A and its analogs have the effect of preventing precancerous lesions. Deficiency manifests as growth retardation, impaired dark adaptation and night blindness. Dry eye disease occurs due to dryness, desquamation, excessive keratinization, and decreased secretion of lacrimal glands in epidermal and mucosal epithelial cells. In severe cases, corneal softening and perforation can lead to blindness. Respiratory epithelial cells become keratinized and lose their cilia, making them less resistant to infection. The recommended intake of vitamin A (RNI) for adults in my country is 800ug retinol active equivalent per day for men and 700ug retinol active equivalent per day for women. Foods rich in vitamin A include livers, egg yolks, and milk powder of poultry and livestock. Carotene can be converted into vitamin A in the mucosa of the small intestine, red-yellow and dark green vegetables, and fruits contain a lot of carotene. Vitamin A is also called retinol. Vitamin A is a skin normalizing regulator and an essential element for the normal regeneration of underlying cells. It can be absorbed through the skin, activate skin cells, promote cell metabolism to produce more collagen, form a thicker epidermis, and improve skin shielding Function. Vitamin A also alters and regulates collagen synthesis: Vitamin A can help keep skin soft and plump, smooth and delicate and prevent skin cancer. Vitamin A can also enhance the immune function of the skin and mucous membranes: Vitamin A is involved in the synthesis of glycoproteins, has the effect of enhancing the skin and mucous membranes, helps to promote the growth of the body, keeps the skin soft, and protects the skin from bacterial infection. Helps to heal burns, dandruff, dry skin. At the same time, vitamin A can improve the stability of cell walls and reduce the damage of air pollutants to the skin. Auxiliary eye adaptation, lack of vitamin A may cause corneal softening or ulcers, dry eyes, prone to vision loss and night blindness. Vitamin A is added to cosmetics and skin care products, and retinol propionate and retinol acetate are generally used as additives. Vitamin A is also widely used in moisturizing, conditioning and anti-aging skin care products. Also great for treating acne and wrinkles. When the human body lacks vitamin A, due to the reduction of glycoprotein synthesis intermediates, the classification of skin cells is accelerated, and the cells reach the skin surface without differentiation and maturity, resulting in abnormal stratum corneum metabolism. The death and shedding of skin tissue cells will clog the pores, and the oil cannot reach the skin surface, resulting in rough skin, dry scaling, and no smoothness, especially the skin of the arms, knees, and buttocks. In the long run, the pores are blocked by the dead cells and enlarged, and the oil Excessive secretion, the formation of black or white comedones acne. Due to less skin oil secretion, dry stratum corneum metabolism is abnormal, barrier function is reduced, and it is prone to allergies and infections. There may also be some ocular symptoms, such as dry conjunctiva, thickened keratinization, and corneal opacity. The above is the lack of vitamin A in human skin and the addition and application of vitamin A in cosmetics.

What is melanin? Melanin is the main factor that determines skin color. The amount of melanin depends on the activity of tyrosinase in melanocytes. Melanocytes can produce melanin, which affects the color of the skin. So how is melanin formed? The melanocytes in the human body are stimulated by the outside world, such as ultraviolet rays in the sun, and tyrosinase is produced, so that the tyrosine contained in our cells is converted into dopa under the action of tyrosinase. After a series of oxidations, Ba forms melanin, which makes our skin dark, so if we want to whiten, we need to inhibit the activity of tyrosinase or prevent the oxidation of dopa, then we need to target To buy whitening products, let`s learn about the specific functions of various whitening ingredients. Ingredient - Niacinamide Niacinamide is the main ingredient of many whitening products. The effect of niacinamide can precipitate melanin, prevent the transfer of melanin from melanocytes to skin keratinocytes, accelerate the metabolism of cells, and accelerate the shedding of melanin keratinocytes, so as to achieve the effect of whitening. At the same time, nicotinamide also has the effect of anti-glycation, which can prevent yellowing of the skin. Studies have confirmed that nicotinamide at a concentration of 2% to 5% has a certain effect on pigmentation caused by ultraviolet rays. ◽ Advantages: It can inhibit melanin, anti-glycation, reduce wrinkles and pore problems caused by skin aging, and combat facial dullness. ◽ Disadvantages: It is irritating to the skin. Before use, the skin needs to establish a certain tolerance. The concentration of niacinamide needs to be higher than 2% to have a whitening effect. The higher the concentration, the stronger the irritation. use. Ingredient - Arbutin Arbutin was first found in bearberry leaves and is the main active component of bearberry leaves. Arbutin is the precursor of hydroquinone. After reaching the cells, it is first degraded into hydroquinone, which inhibits the activity of melanocytes through cytotoxicity. Arbutin can block the formation of melanin by inhibiting tyrosinase to achieve a whitening effect. , Arbutin can also effectively fight against pigmentation, as well as certain bactericidal and anti-inflammatory effects, and has a certain antioxidant effect. Arbutin is divided into α-arbutin and β-arbutin. If there is no special label in the ingredient table, it generally refers to β-arbutin. The price of α-arbutin is also higher and inhibits the production of melanin. The effect is 10-15 times stronger than β-arbutin. ◽ Advantages: α-Arbutin has good safety, whitening effect and stability. ◽ Disadvantages: The reasonable addition amount of arbutin in skin care products is 3%, less than 3% whitening effect is not obvious, more than 3% will cause skin damage. Ingredient - Vitamin C As a commonly used traditional whitening ingredient, vitamin C can inhibit the activity of tyrosinase, reduce the formation of melanin and is an antioxidant. However, VC itself is unstable and is easily oxidized and yellowed in the air, so vitamin C derivatives are more commonly used, including vitamin C glycosides, ethyl vitamin C, vitamin C magnesium phosphate, etc. Whitening products on the market, more or less will add vitamin C or its derivatives. Used in cosmetics to scavenge free radicals and delay aging. Because of the instability of vitamin C itself, it is easily affected by the external environment, so cosmetics containing vitamin C are prone to discoloration. ◽ Advantages: Ingredients are safe. ◽ Disadvantages: Higher metering is required when using. Ingredient - Kojic Acid A classic whitening ingredient, kojic acid can inhibit the synthesis of tyrosinase, so it can strongly inhibit the formation of skin melanin, and has the effect of whitening and lightening spots, but it was widely used in the food industry and there is no clear dosage. The resulting skin irritation, the safety of kojic acid was questioned and was once banned. It was not until 2005 that after a series of demonstrations, kojic acid was added to cosmetics again, but it is safe to use it within a certain dosage range. Although the dosage is not clearly specified, it is generally 0.1%-1%. In the meantime, if the concentration exceeds 2%, it will cause skin irritation and cause some allergic reactions. Today, only a small number of niche products will add this ingredient for whitening. ◽ Advantages: Has whitening and blemish reduction effects. ◽ Disadvantages: It needs to be used within a certain dose, otherwise it is easy to irritate the skin. Ingredient - Tranexamic acid Tranexamic acid, also known as tranexamic acid and tranexamic acid, was first used to stop bleeding. As early as 1979, tranexamic acid was found to have a certain effect on the treatment of chloasma, and it was gradually used in the field of whitening. Many toothpastes in the field of daily chemicals also add tranexamic acid to help reduce bleeding gums. For the whitening effect of external application, tranexamic acid is different from the above components. It does not inhibit the production of tyrosinase very well. It can block the diffusion of melanosomes to keratinocytes and achieve the effect of whitening and lightening. ◽ Advantages: The ingredients are relatively mild and will not irritate the skin. The dosage should not exceed 4%, and the irritation will increase. ◽ Disadvantages: The external effect is not significant, mainly for chloasma, not obvious for general pigmentation.

In recent years, the cosmetics industry has set off a wave of peptides, especially in high-end skin care products. This article will introduce some of the application of peptides in skin care products. A peptide is a small molecule protein, also known as a peptide or a polypeptide. Twenty kinds of amino acids exist in nature. A peptide is a polymer formed by dehydration and condensation of two or more amino acids. The carboxyl group of the first amino acid molecule is condensed with the amine group of the second amino acid molecule, and a water molecule is removed to form Covalent peptide bonds are called dipeptides; three amino acids condensed are called tripeptides, and so on. Usually, peptides with less than 10 amino acids are called oligopeptides, those with more amino acids are called polypeptides, and those with more than 50 amino acids are called proteins. Some people also think that amino acid chains without secondary structure are called polypeptides. Regarding the number of amino acids in oligopeptides, polypeptides, and proteins, there is still no uniform definition. There are many kinds of peptides, there are 400 kinds of dipeptides, 8,000 kinds of tripeptides, and so on. The biological activity of a peptide depends on its amino acid composition and sequence. Almost all physiological processes in the human body are regulated by polypeptides or proteins composed of specific amino acid sequences. Therefore, bioactive peptides have become a new direction and idea for the research and development and application of cosmetics, and their functions are becoming more and more subdivided, such as: anti-aging, repairing, anti-oxidation, anti-edema, promoting hair regeneration, inhibiting melanin production, breast enhancement, weight loss, etc. . The skin is the body's natural barrier against external environmental aggression, and has a certain protective effect against external stimuli. This is due to the protective effect of the dense stratum corneum of the skin, but it also blocks the nutrients of cosmetics on the surface of the skin. Only a small amount of macromolecules and fat-soluble substances can be absorbed through pores and sweat pores, and only a small amount of nutrients can penetrate into the dermis through the stratum corneum gap. Therefore, most of the cosmetics we usually use only stay on the surface of the skin. For example, hyaluronic acid (commonly known as hyaluronic acid, HA) can lock in moisture about 1,000 times its own weight, and it can be said that the moisturizing effect is very good. However, even if the molecular size of HA is reduced from 3MDa to 50KD, the short chain of hyaluronic acid is still too large to effectively penetrate into the skin and play a further role. However, as a fragment of protein, peptides can easily pass through the stratum corneum gap and enter the dermis to exert the desired effect. SEDERMA, LIPOTEC, PANTAPHARM (DSM), SYMERISE, Evonik and other foreign companies have successively launched dozens of beauty peptides with different sequences and functions. Vigorously develop beauty active peptides, and the raw materials launched are endless. Due to the variety of beauty peptides, more than 50 kinds of skin care products have been used at present, and domestic and foreign raw material suppliers are still vigorously developing, more and more effective bioactive peptides will be used in cosmetics. . This article makes a simple classification of the mechanism and function of beauty peptides: 1. Inhibit the transmission of nerve signals (botulinum toxin-like peptides): The effect of Botox is to block neuromuscular transmission and relax muscles to reduce dynamic lines and improve wrinkles. The mechanism of these peptides is to inhibit the synthesis of SNARE receptors, inhibit the excessive release of catecholamine and acetylcholine in the skin, and partially block nerve transmission of muscle contraction messages, so it can inhibit muscle contraction and relax facial muscles. This in turn smoothes out dynamic, static and fine lines. Acetyl hexapeptide-3 (also known as Argireline), also known as botulinum toxin, is one of the most widely used peptides. Acetyl hexapeptide-3 (Ac-EEMQRR-NH2), derived from the N-terminal region of SNAP-25, interferes with the assembly of the SNARE ternary complex and inhibits Ca-dependent release of catecholamines from chromium cells. Developed by LIPOTEC and obtained an international patent in 2002, Argireline can partially block nerve transmission of muscle contraction messages, affect nerve conduction in the skin capsule, relax facial muscles, and smooth dynamic, static and fine lines. Current clinical studies have shown that using 10% of Argireline for 30 days can reduce wrinkles by 30%. The efficacy of Argireline is comparable to that of botulinum toxin type A, and it is a biologically safe wrinkle-removing active peptide. SYN-AKE is another bioactive peptide that reduces wrinkles by inhibiting muscle contraction. SYN-AKE acts on the postsynaptic membrane and is a reversible nAChR antagonist. SYN-AKE inhibits muscle contraction by binding to the small subunit of nAChP, competitively inhibiting the receptor for acetylcholine. 2. Signal Peptides Signal peptides have the role of growth factors, and their mechanism of action is mainly to promote the proliferation of collagen, elastic fibers and hyaluronic acid, increase skin moisture content, increase skin thickness and reduce fine lines. Sederma has launched Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3 (Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-3, trade name: Matrixyl, peptide sequence: Pal-KTTKS), which is also one of the most widely used peptides. Numerous reports suggest that KTTKS can stimulate and promote the production of collagen types I and III and fibronectin, thereby increasing skin thickness and reducing fine lines. In order to increase the lipid solubility of KTTKS and the ability to penetrate the skin, Sederma added palmitoyl to become Pal-KTTKS. Later, Sederma and P&G conducted further clinical research on this product, which was later approved by P&G. buyout. 3. Anti-carbonylation, protect collagen from being destroyed and cross-linked by reactive carbonyl species (RCS, reactive carbonyl species). Some anti-carbonylation peptides also scavenge free radicals. Traditional skin care has placed great emphasis on anti-free radicals, and now more and more emphasis is placed on anti-carbonylation; anti-oxidation; anti-glycation. Many research results show that GHK is a strong activator for wound healing, has a high affinity for copper ions, can spontaneously form GHK-Cu, has a stimulating effect on nerve tissue regeneration and angiogenesis, and can stimulate a variety of Synthesis of extracellular stromal components. Fourth, improve microcirculation, strengthen blood circulation, improve eye edema, and eliminate inflammation. Sederma has developed an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor dipeptide-2 (dipeptide-2) under the trade name Eyeliss. This peptide has an inhibitory effect on ACE. The ACE enzyme inhibitor achieves the inhibitory effect by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, inhibits the contraction of blood vessels, and helps lymphatic drainage, so it has a good improvement effect on the problem of dark circles. 5. Inhibit tyrosinase activity, block the transmission of melanin to the stratum corneum; block the conduction of melanin-stimulating hormone (MSH) and reduce the production of melanin. Nonapeptide-1 (trade name Melanostatine) developed by Atrium Company can antagonize α-MSH (α-melanocyte hormone), thereby inhibiting the formation of melanin. This type of peptide will be used in whitening and freckle-removing products. In addition, peptides with functions such as promoting hair growth, promoting dermal repair, promoting wound healing, breast enhancement, and weight loss have begun to appear on the market, which will not be described in detail here. More and more cosmetic peptides with biological activity are used in cosmetics. With the progress of molecular biology, biochemistry, gene technology, etc., there will be more peptides with new uses and better effects. Peptides have shown a broad prospect in the field of cosmetic applications.